The fierce struggle of Alexander's cavalry at the fording of the river in the battle of the Granicus by Andre Castaigne (1898-1899).jpg 1,532 × 2,306; 914 KB 14 N. G. L. Hammond, Arms and the King: The Insignia of Alexander the Great, Phoenix, 43.3. "shouldUseShareProductTool": true, In Die Schlacht am Granikos aus raumsemantischer Perspektive (pp. Das waren: Die Schlacht am Granikos, Die schlacht bei Issos und die Schlacht bei Gaugamela. cswiki Bitva u Gráníku; dawiki Slaget ved Granikos; dewiki Schlacht am Granikos; elwiki Μάχη του Γρανικού; enwiki Battle of the Granicus; eowiki Batalo de Graniko; eswiki Batalla del Gránico; fawiki نبرد گرانیک; fiwiki Granikosjoen taistelu; frwiki Bataille du Granique; hewiki קרב גרניקוס; hrwiki Bitka kod. Page created - July 14, 2016. 17 χθαμαλώτερα: ‘lower’, not ‘more level’ as in Loeb R and Loeb B. Related Pages. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. Related Pages. Judeich: Judeich, W., ‘Die Schlacht am Granikos’, Klio viii (1908) 372–97Google Scholar. Since Ptolemy in Arr. Die  griechischen Söldner, vom persischen Oberkommando weitab im Hintergrund positioniert, sind plötzlich auf sich gestellt. 32 That is why the prefix προ- is used in προετάχθησαν translated incorrectly by Loeb R and better but not clearly by Loeb B: ‘in front of his right he had already posted Philotas’. They had had no experience of Macedonian Companion cavalry, and they probably hoped to fight their way out, as Xenophon's 10,000 had done and as many were to do at Issus. All have noted the heavy growth on the banks, from RE vii.2 (1912) 1814 to Foss 502 (‘covered in most places with a thick layer of vegetation composed largely of planes, willows and brambles…all the way down to the riverbed’). On the numbers see Loeb B lxix f. 35 The order on the right is not absolutely certain. Auch in der Antike war es beliebte Praxis, die Stärke gegnerischer Heere kräftig zu dramatisieren, um den schließlich errungenen Sieg in umso helleren Licht leuchten zu lassen. Arrian provides a dramatic setting for his conversation between Parmenio and Alexander by having Alexander begin to deploy his army (imperfect συνέταττεν) before Parmenio interrupts him. In 336 B.C. Tarn II: id., Alexander the Great ii (Cambridge 1948). "newCiteModal": false, Zu Diodor XVII 20, 3. }, Copyright © The Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies 1980. Alexander / Alexander in Asien. iii 22.2, ἀσφαλείας ἕνεκα τῆς πρὸς τὸν πηλόν). The Thessalian cavalry and Parmenio pass unmentioned although they defeated the opposing cavalry. 42 ἐπεκβαίνοντες ἀεί τῶν ἰππέων ὄσοις προύχώρει κατὰ τὸν ποταμὸν προσεγίγνοντο τοῖς ἀμφὶ Αλέξανδρον Loeb R is loose: ‘those of the cavalry who had made good their way on the river bank kept coming up and joining the little band round Alexander'. Arrian cannot win! Alexanders Asienfeldzug bis zur Schlacht am Granikos. See Foss figs 6–8 (pls 43–4) and Nikolitsis figs on 70 and 73. For criticism sec Badian 272 n. 5. Ein ziemlich großer Unterschied also. He goes further in saying that it was ‘military etiquette’—the cavalry being too proud to put the infantry in the line—which prevented his plan from being adopted by the Persians; yet they put infantry in the line at Issus and Gaugamela! Abidos Travel Agency. Im Zeus- Heiligtum wurden die bekannten Reiterstatuen des beruhmten Bildhauers Lysipp aufgestellt, auf der die 25 Gefaehrten Alexanders dargestellt waren, die bei der Schlacht am Granikos gefallen waren. and Hammond, , CQ xxviii (1978) 128 ff. 1–5, Plut. Zugleich ist sie diejenige, über die wir heute am wenigsten gut Bescheid wissen. 4 The notes which he appends seem rather to damage his case. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings. iv 3.16, ‘the phalanx's charge routed the enemy’. Milns: Milns, R. D., Alexander the Great (London 1968)Google Scholar. 16 So too Plut., Alex. That there were some Hyrcanian settlers in Lydia (Str. Boardman, John Die persische Reiterei, so viel ist unbestritten, hatte sich auf dem östlichen Ufer des Granikos verschanzt – eine starke Stellung, denn während der Feind den Fluss überquert, ist er angreifbar. Fuller 148 f. is puzzled. Alexander put these mercenaries to work as state prisoners. (Diod. Schlacht Schlacht am Granikos Schlacht am Hydaspes Schlacht bei Issos Schlacht im Mittelalter Schlacht von Gaugamela schlachten Schlachter Schlächter Schlachterin Schlacht in Mazedonisch Deutsch-Mazedonisch Wörterbuch. I have commented on two of his points in n. 32 above; on his p. 124 (being a pursuit) in CQ xxviii (1978) 140; and note now that ἐστᾶσιν in Arr. Page Transparency See More. I am not convinced by the arguments of Markle, M. M., ‘The Macedonian sarissa, spear and related armor’, in AJA lxxxi (1977) 326 f.Google Scholar, that the Hypaspists in pitched battle were armed like hoplites with the large shield and short spear; infantry so equipped would have found it much harder than the pike-men did to drive the cavalry back up and off the river-bank. I take it that in each separate command the order is given from outwards, so that the Archers and Agrianians were on the right wing, Socrates' squadron was next to the block of Companion cavalry and the Hypaspists came next to the Lancers. and 36 The strength of the units in the battle-line is not seriously in doubt, and any alteration makes only a marginal difference. 2 They are of a piece with Diodorus' account of the battle at Thebes in 335 B.C., when the Thebans were portrayed as fighting a battle ‘in front of the city’ (as the Trojans did), Alexander made unsporting use of reserves and the contest was in two rounds, the first remarkable for the epic use of missiles (Diod. 42, Quint, x 1.74). 25 For the double phalanx see Arr. Einigermaßen sicher ist die Zahl der Kämpfer, die Alexander über den Hellespont führte. This in itself is a strong indication that the accounts come finally from the King's Journal, which concentrated on the King's actions. ), wo (die Lage des Schlachtfelds ist bekannt) und wer gewonnen hat (Alexander). They were the finest infantry in Asia and might well expect to defeat the visibly smaller numbers of Macedonian infantry. Dionysius had crucified Greek mercenaries in Carthaginian service, and when Philip captured the sacrilegious mercenaries of Onomarchus, he drowned them (Diod. Such gravel has been deposited by the river in flood at bends in its course. Danach eroberte er Ägypten, das persische Kernland und dehnte sein reich bis zum Hindukusch und zum Indus aus. ὄχθασ. View all Google Scholar citations Foss 501 writes in general terms ‘a slight and rather barren rise behind the river, but no imposing elevations of any kind before the hills behind Dimetoka are reached’, and 502 ‘the plain beyond the river [a mile below Cinarköprü] offers no significant feature which would be suitable for a defensive position’. i 15.1 brings them all to the assault together; ᾖ πρῶτοι οἰ ἀμφὶ Αμύνταν καὶ Σωκράτην πρόσεσχον τῇ ὄχθῃfirst that is as compared with Alexander and the right wing going into action. Nikolitsis: Nikolitsis, N. T., The Battle of the Granicus: a source-critical study (Stockholm 1973)Google Scholar. Publisher. Judeich 394 had ‘halblinks flussabwärts’. DIE SCHLACHT AM GRANIKOS - EIN PHANTOM Am Ufer des Flusses Granikos, nur kurze Zeit nach Alexanders Übergang nach Asien, fand die erste von drei großen Schlachten statt, in denen der Untergang des persischen Weltreichs besiegelt wurde. That Darius in the third year of the war had the need and the money to hire 20,000 Greek mercenaries is obvious. Die in den Quellen überlieferte Schlachtordnung führt mit wenigen Ausnahmen nur makedonische Truppen auf (insgesamt etwa 15.000 Mann). Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. and The Companion cavalry, 18,000 strong, were probably in eight squadrons as at Gaugamela (Arr. war der erste Erfolg beim Feldzug der Griechen unter Alexander dem Großen gegen das persische Weltreich. I am not convinced by the arguments of Markle, M. M. , ‘ The Macedonian sarissa, spear and related armor ’, in AJA lxxxi ( 1977 ) 326 f. , that the Hypaspists in pitched battle were armed like hoplites with the large shield and short spear; infantry so equipped would have found it much harder than the pike-men did to drive the cavalry back up and off the river-bank. Facebook is showing information to help you better understand the purpose of a Page. Second, the purpose and the effect of Alexander's sideways movement in the river-bed have not been satisfactorily explained. The most important discussions are W. Judeich, "Die Schlacht am Granikos," Klio 8 (1908) 372-397, and in J. Kromayer and G. Veith, eds., Schlachtenatlas zur antiken Kriegsgeschichte (Leipzig 1922) Griech. 20 Judeich 384 and n. 2, magnified some small rises near the right bank into a kind of ridge. 39 Arr. Price New from Used from Paperback, January 1, 1911 "Please retry" $11.95 — $11.95: Paperback $11.95 1 Used from $11.95 Previous page. Für die persische Seite sind dagegen nur nur zwei Zahlen überliefert: 40.000 (Arrian; darunter 20.000 griechische Söldner) und 110.000 (Diodor). van Wees, Hans xvii 18.3; reasonably enough as Artaxerxes Ochus had raised opposition to Macedon in Greece and had landed mercenaries on the European side of the Bosporus. The first mention of Craterus is due to interpolation, as Loeb B points out, and not to carelessness by Arrian, as Bosworth (n. 50) 126 has supposed; the effects of scribes and commentators in the transmission of Arrian's text are quite alarming, as the fortunes of the words ἀσθέταιροι and ἄσθιπποι have shown (see Bosworth, , CQ xxiii (1973) 245CrossRefGoogle Scholar ff. i 16.4 is vivid for ἔστασαν like ἀποθνήσκει for ἀπέθανεν in 16.3 and ἀποπέμπει for ἀπέπεμψε 16.7, and does not indicate an unawareness in Arrian that the statues had been removed (Bosworth 173, followed by Loeb B). and Lane Fox: Lane Fox, R., Alexander the Great (London 1973)Google Scholar. Er schuf damit die Vorraussetzung für die Hellenisierung ganz Vorderasiens. The translation should be ‘Of the right (part of the line, called a κέρασ in the preceding sentence) those stationed in advance were Philotas etc…Of the left the first (i.e. Loeb B: Loeb edn of Arrian, i, by P. A. Brunt (1976). Leipzig. 67 Beziehungen. The strength of the individual squadrons of Lancers (4), Paeonians (1) and Thracians (1) was probably 150, and the six squadrons made up Diodorus' total of 900 for these units (xvii 17.4)—restoring καί between δέ and πρόδρομοι with Milns, in JHS lxxxvi (1966) 167CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Der Sieg der makedonisch-griechischen Verbände gegen das multiethnische persische Heer wurde zum Symbol für die erfolgreiche Eroberungspolitik des jungen Makedonenkönigs in den folgenden Jahren. "newCitedByModal": true Since Persia had great numbers of fine cavalry, Arrian's figure of 20,000 is probably correct. 27 The alternative which has been suggested is a good memory for events which had happened as much as fifty years before, if Ptolemy wrote his book c 285–3 B.C (this seems most probable, despite Badian, in Gnomon xxxiii [1961] 665–6Google Scholar and Errington, R. M. in CQ xix [1969] 233 f.CrossRefGoogle Scholar; see now Goukowsky xxvi—xxxi). Während der Herrschaft von Philipp V. nach einer katastrophalen Invasion, war die Stadt von den Ätolern geplündert. "shouldUseHypothesis": true, 13 A mile or so below the Cinarköprü bridge Foss 502 noted a gravel slope on the (? xvii 11.3, 12.1–2). R.Laqueur, Die V erletzung Alexanders d. Gr. siegte Alexander über die Perser am Fluss Granikos im nordwestlichen Kleinasien. iii 14.3, the Hypaspists being next to Alexander). Im Zeus- Heiligtum wurden die bekannten Reiterstatuen des beruhmten Bildhauers Lysipp aufgestellt, auf der die 25 Gefaehrten Alexanders dargestellt waren, die bei der Schlacht am Granikos gefallen waren. Welche Version ist die richtige? Schlacht am Granikos – Wikipedia Die für sie selbst ungünstige Aufstellung der Perser wurde von Alexander sofort erkannt. 12 Earlier visitors seem to have worked from the main road west of the river of Biga, concentrating on that river and the joint river below the confluence by Cinarköprü bridge. Loeb R is wrong in saying ‘the vanguard…held the river bank’; and B alters to ‘touched the bank’; but the emphasis is on πρῶτοι, ‘where the first to land on the bank were the troops of Amyntas and Socrates, there the Persians etc’. That the best infantry unit, the Royal Guard of the Hypaspists, was armed in set battles with the pike is clear from the actions at Chaeronea (Polyaen. put the highest of the rises at 3 m above the level of the bank. These are all characteristics of his source in these battles, most probably Cleitarchus, who was judged to be ‘more of an orator than a historian’ and ‘notoriously undependable’ (Cic. Sympathy with the mercenaries and talk of an angry massacre are features of recent writing, but one must bear in mind the number, the quality and the confidence of the professional Greek mercenaries. The right wing of the phalanx had been covered by the gallant actions of the cavalry assault groups and then of Alexander's entourage, so that as soon as the hole was punched in the enemy formation the whole infantry line attacked, the righthand brigade of Hypaspists being already in position to outflank the enemy (see FIG. 1994. Obwohl Arrian über 400 Jahre nach den Ereignissen schrieb, gilt seine Anábasis als die zuverlässigste Quelle zur Schlacht am Granikos. 34 At this time (Arr. "metricsAbstractViews": false, 38 Arr. 19 See Nikolitsis' photographs on pp. i 12.7); if Hermotus is a variant form of Hermaeum in Polyaen. Has data issue: true Nicht erwähnt werden dagegen Alexanders griechische Verbündete, die Söldner in seinem Heer (ebenfalls Griechen) sowie Thraker und Illyrer (alle zusammen 19.000 Mann). )CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Publication date. 16.2Google Scholar, where τήν τραχύτητα docs not mean a ‘rocky surface’, pace Badian 278. Warum? 1 The following abbreviations are used: Badian: Badian, E., ‘The battle of the Granicus: a new look’, Ancient Macedonia ii (Thessaloniki 1977) 271–93Google Scholar. Abh. These make up the thirteen squadrons with which Alexander entered the river (Plut., Alex. So too with the banks of the Dimetoka river in the plain. Sabbaiticum, , FGrH 151Google Scholar F 1 (1) ἐστρατοπεδεύετο ἐπὶ τοῖς χείλεσι τοῦ Γρανίκου Diod. de Souza, Philip Plutarch comments on this passion in Alexander. I walked over this area and saw only the small rises due to irrigation channel banks and cultivation. In this the first campaign of the actual anabasis he mentions that Alexander heard the wounded's stories, buried the Greek mercenaries, and sent hillsmen back to their properties (i 16.5–17.1); no doubt he did the same after Issus. Such vaticinia post eventum are literary devices to adorn a fictitious tale. Viele Wissenschaftler haben entweder für die eine oder die andere plädiert oder versucht, beide miteinander in Einklang zu bringen. Wie man es auch dreht und wendet: Man muss sich wohl damit abfinden, dass es von Alexanders erster Schlacht auf asiatischem Boden zwei Versionen gibt, die nicht nur widersprüchlich sind, sondern geradezu unvereinbar. The second mention (this time without the patronymic) avoids any possibility of misunderstanding. At Issus and Gaugamela Arrian mentioned the Greek infantry in Alexander's army, and at Gaugamela he mentioned the second line in action. 48 By the same token the Persian command came close to success. Changes in the river systems of the alluvial plains on the Turkish coast are the rule rather than the exception (see RE xxiv [1963] 3 for changes of the Pyramus river by Mallus). Institute for Research in the Humanities, The University of Wisconsin at Madison. Bei Arrian und Plutarch lässt Alexander sofort nach der Ankunft seine Reiterei über den den Fluss hinweg angreifen. Doch ohne überzeugenden Erfolg. 1920. 7 If one disregards the relationship between i 14.4 and 14.7 and then takes κατὰ κέρας with the Persians at 14.7, Alexander's aim was to avoid being outflanked, as in Polyaen. by Haefs, Gisbert and a great selection of related books, art and collectibles available now at AbeBooks.com. Im Tempel des Olympischen Zeus wurde die berühmte Bronzestatue des Lysippos errichtet, mit der Darstellung der 25 Reiter, die in der Schlacht am Granikos tot umfielen. Dort stellt er sich der feindlichen Reiterei (ohne störenden Fluss dazwischen) und schlägt sie in die Flucht. Das heißt also: Alexander hat in der Schlacht am Granikos weniger als die Hälfte seiner Truppen eingesetzt. Goukowsky: Goukowsky, P., Diodore de Sicile XVII (Budé: Paris 1976)Google Scholar. See n. 32 above. 49 To ride ahead and attack a hoplite line was foolhardy in the extreme, but it is typical of the passion in action which is portrayed in the famous mosaic. Page created - July 14, 2016. i 6.2), on this occasion, and at Gaugamela (Arr. B., ‘Errors in Arrian’, CQ xxvi (1976) 117–39CrossRefGoogle Scholar. 18,375 likes. Page Transparency See More. "isUnsiloEnabled": true, 53 (so too Lane Fox 516); but this does not mean that they provided the force of ‘the Hyrcanian cavalry’—a force led by Darius' son-in-law, and no doubt as strong at least as the 2,000 Bactrians. The impersonal does not imply a literal movement or a lateral one. So Loeb. iii 11.8). 40 Principally under pressure from ‘Memnon and the sons of Memnon’ who were among the Persian commanders massed at the point where they had expected Alexander to attack (i 14.4 fin., 15.3 fin.). Hamilton: Hamilton, J. R., Plutarch, Alexander: A Commentary (Oxford 1969)Google Scholar. 1920. Third, the topographical indications in the sources do not correspond fully with the present lie of the ground. 18,365 likes. iv 2.2), Pelium (Arr. He, it appears, would have put the Greek mercenary infantry on the river-bank, some cavalry on the flanks and the rest behind; but he forgets that the Persians considered themselves inferior in infantry (with justice in the event), and that his own disposition would have nullified most of the Persian cavalry. The central point from which the deployment was envisaged was the brigade of Philip, which is therefore mentioned twice (i 14.2 fin. U jedné dobře zachovalé stavby vyběhla Tháis 51 Neither Arrian nor any other surviving writer used for this battle the account of Callisthenes, which presumably put a better face on the affair while concealing Alexander's tactics during wartime. 47 By our standards the number of wounded in relation to the killed was no doubt disproportionately high; protective armour was good, and javelin and sword wounds were rarely lethal. Open Now. On visiting our area in 1843 Kiepert thought the river of Biga had once flowed into the Ece Göl swamp, but there is a ridge between. Reiterei ist eine Angriffswaffe und nicht zur Abwehr von Fußtruppen geeignet – zumal gegen makedonische Phalangiten mit ihren überlangen Speeren. People. Evidently the Hypaspists came into action somewhat later, although they had entered the channel at the same time as the troops of Amyntas and Socrates (i 14.6); as we have explained, they had to move to their right and the time-delay allowed the infantry line to take up the extension. 8 From my experience in fording swift rivers, e.g. Closes in 35 minutes. iii 11. 28 Since the time of Xenophon's Anabasis Greek mercenaries on Asiatic soil were numbered in tens of thousands, fighting both for and against the Great King (see my History of Greece 2 [Oxford 1967] 667). i 12.7) there were at least four squadrons of Lancers (also called Scouts) and one squadron of Paeonian horse. Und das nicht etwa, weil es an Informationen fehlen würde – wir wissen, wann die Schlacht stattfand (Mai 334 v. Lehmann: Lehmann, K., ‘Die Schlacht am Granikos’, Klio xi (1911) 230–44Google Scholar. Loeb R, ‘to fall upon them emerging from the river as soon as they should attempt the crossing’, and Loeb B, ‘to fall on them emerging from the river whenever they attempted the crossing’, are both wide of the mark. ), not because there were two such brigades, as Nikolitsis 23 supposed, nor through carelessness, as is generally supposed. Über den Verlauf der Schlacht selbst sind zwei völlig unterschiedliche Versionen überliefert. xvii 17.4 gave 1,000 for the two together, and I have split them in equal numbers; it is interesting that Alexander had at least twice as many on his Balkan campaign where he faced many more light-armed troops than he expected in Asia (Arr. iv 3.23Google Scholarκατὰ τὰς . 45 The success of the Hypaspists on Alexander's left was due to the long reach of the pike driven into horse or rider from below. Die Schlacht am Granikos bei Arrian. Die Schlacht am Granikos im Mai 334 v. Chr. 3 Diodorus' account has generally been so dismissed; most recently, for instance, by Badian 272–4. In his imaginary battles of the Granicus and Issus the Thessalian cavalry is picked out as the bravest (xvii 21.4, 33.2), and at Thebes the fittest and best-trained men are said to be the Thebans (xvii 11.4). Render date: 2021-03-14T16:52:57.373Z Schlacht am Granikos Schlacht am Little Bighorn Schlacht am Weißen Berg Schlacht an der Alma Schlacht an der Helgeå Schlacht an der Somme Schlacht auf dem Amselfeld Schlacht auf dem Kulikowo Pole Schlacht auf dem Lechfeld Stolt lavet med ♥ i Polen. Lewis, D. M. 9 Loeb B in agreement with Loeb R. One would expect of rather than ᾗ for this meaning. "figures": false, 31 Allowing one metre of fighting-space in the front line to each man; see Kromayer-Veith, 79 and 358, and my Studies in Greek History (Oxford 1973) 542Google Scholar for the length of the line at Chaeronea. For criticism of Lane Fox here see Loeb B 450 f. 5 In his Pelican edn (508–9) Green invents not one but two engagements, which seems to compound his error. 495–502. I am looking for photographs, including aerial, of the sites of Alexander's main battles; Gaugamela, Issus, Granicus and the Hydaspes; and any reports on any archaeological surveys of the sites. i 6.6 ‘up to 2,000’). It was the infantry brigades which caused the enemy centre to give way (i 16.1); so too in Polyaen. People. Whitby, Michael Sekunda, Nicholas In Arr. Hermes 121 (1993) 119-121 [Herausgabe] <